Media Language

• Levi Strauss
• Barthes
• Todorov
• Neale
• Baudrillard

Representation

• Gauntlett
• Van Zoonen
• Hall
• Butler
• Hooks
• Gilroy

Industries

• Hesmondhalgh
• Curran and Seaton
• Livingstone and Lunt

Audience

• Bandura
• Gerbner
• Jenkins
• Shirky
• Hall

Hesmondhalgh

Meaning: Media industries follow capitalist pattern controlled by a few conglomerates in order to reduce risk.

Quote: Risk is high in the cultural industries, there is difficulty in predicting success. Industries rely on 'big hits' to cover the costs of failure.

Levi Strauss

Meaning: Strauss argues binary oppositions, e.g. good versus evil work in narrative to engage an audience and help us to process the real world.

Quote: The system of myths and fables was ruled by a structure of opposing terms.

Van Zoonen

Meaning: In patriarchal culture, the way women's bodies are represented as objects is different to the representation of male bodies as spectacle.

Quote: The way women are represented as objects is different to the representation of male bodies.

Hall

Meaning: Hall's 'encoding-decoding' model argued that media producers encode 'preferred meanings' into texts, but these texts may be 'read' by their audiences in a number of different ways; (Dominant, negotiated, oppositional)

Quote: Cultural identities come from somewhere, have histories. But like everything which is historical, they undergo constant transformation.

Hooks
Meaning: Race and class as well as sex determine the extent to which individuals are exploited,discriminated against or oppressed, it is a 'white supremacist capitalist patriarchy', whose ideologies dominate media representations.
Quote: Feminism is a movement to end patriarchy: sexism, sexist exploitation and oppression.

Butler
Meaning: Gender is created in how we perform our gender roles - there is no essential identity behind these roles, it is created in the performance.
Quote: Masculine and feminine roles are not biologically fixed, but socially constructed.

Gilroy
Meaning: 
Quote: The African diaspora caused by the slave trade has now constructed a transatlantic culture that simultaneously African, American, Caribbean and British - 'The Black Atlantic'. 

Gauntlett
Meaning: In the modern world, it is now an expectation that individuals make choices about their identity and lifestyle. The success of popular feminism and representation of different sexualities created a world where the meaning of gender, sexuality and identity is increasingly open.
Quote: Identities are not given but are constructed and negotiated.